2 ~ 400

1977
(2) consumers (consumer) Shijun animals, herbivores and carnivores.
Cyclic phosphate (Phosphate cycle)
February 16, 1977, Woods Hole (Woods hole) Institute of Oceanography, deep-sea submarine Irwin Road (Alvin), in the Galapagos Islands (Galapagos Islands) 250 km northeast side, deep sea 2500 meters Galapagos Rift (Galapagos Rift) Department, which is the north-south digi tv satelit Pacific ridge (Mid-ocean ridge) through the place, geological exploration, the accidentally discovered a greener, ecosystem completely unknown. From 1977 to become a very important watershed, the impact on the ecological system and even the content of the textbooks, and therefore also rewritten. We only know that before 1977, large and small ecosystems on the planet, the only energy is energy. After 1977 only to find that the original does not have to completely digi tv satelit energy on Earth, but on other energy ecosystem.
As the hot springs rich in hydrogen sulphide material ejected (H 2 S) and minerals and is black, so the experts hydrothermal vent ecosystems, also known as "black smokers" (black smocker). Black chimney is mainly distributed in the global mid-ocean digi tv satelit ridges, has found more than 200. Pacific and Atlantic black chimneys, on the geological nature and animal species is somewhat different:
Bassoon insects, Pompeii worm, cotton Wei
1 red bassoon worm (Riftia pachyptila): Red bassoon digi tv satelit body length 2.5 meters wide and 4 cm, living in three-meter-long, white chitin (chitin) of rigid pipe, the head forming a red plume shall wrist. Crowds gathered near the hot springs, water survival digi tv satelit between 10 ~ 20 , the first year can grow to 85 cm, is now known to the fastest-growing invertebrates. Within two years of sexual maturity, dioecious, in vitro fertilization, the life of 2 to 5 years, no parasites digi tv satelit mouth, no digestive tract, no anus, a large body of symbiotic sulfur bacteria addicted, addicted sulfur bacteria account for about one-third digi tv satelit of the weight , is subject to the wrist phylum (Phylum digi tv satelit Pongonophora). Higher hemoglobin present in the red blood cells of animals, and composed mainly of four immunoglobulin; whereas heme has bassoon insects present in the extracellular digi tv satelit fluid, comprising two special digi tv satelit hemoglobin digi tv satelit (V1 & V2), but may be up to the heme 144 globulin components.
Bassoon insect head plumes shall wrist hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, digi tv satelit carbon dioxide from the seawater intake digi tv satelit into the body, responsible for transporting heme to addicted sulfur bacteria and sulfur bacteria addicted to transform these inorganic molecules into organic nutrients, bacteria digi tv satelit themselves supply and bassoon insects. Such use of geothermal energy in a process called synthetic organic nutrients digi tv satelit chemosynthesis (chemosynthesis), as distinct from the use of photosynthetic light energy (photosynthesis).
Because of the deep sea to collect specimens will not be easy, and therefore has not been found insect larvae bassoon, let alone how their larvae migrate up? But to understand how the larvae migrate is a very important issue, because most of the life of Hot Springs only 1 to 2 years at most only a few years, and hot springs are often spaced some distance between, so if you can understand how these animals from the hot springs A migration to another place, will be the focus of these hot springs and clear growth and decline, and also understand how the proliferation of insect populations bassoon, continuing critical offspring. Some hypothesis that the migration of these animals may be produced by bacteria thiophilic digi tv satelit chemical attraction, digi tv satelit considered by some scientists temperature, the newly generated blocks, black smoke chimney attraction, but none of these hypotheses has been confirmed.
2 Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana): 1980 Pacific ridge was discovered in a black chimney wall, the body length of 13 cm, are annelid polychaetes. It is now known to most resistant animals live in the same black chimney attached to the wall of the tube, the tube tip is exposed to the outside, the temperature is about 20 ~ 30 ; most people are surprised tail close to the black chimney, After measuring the temperature as high as 80 . Generally believed that protein denaturation temperature exceeds 60 began, digi tv satelit and the end of Pompeii worm at a high temperature of 80 still intact without injury, these animals temperature mechanism is still a mystery. Like Pompeii worm symbiotic bacteria, these bacteria grow in cilia Thiophilic outside, like a bacterial coat, Pompeii worm body as heme, but one thing is different insects and bassoon, bassoon worm his life perched on the hard chitin tube, Pompeii worm will leave irregular tubes wandering around in the water.
1984 in the Gulf of Mexico 3200 meters undersea digi tv satelit ecosystem inadvertently discovered another, then gradually find many place. Geothermal energy is not ground but an overflow methane (methane), methane hydrates (methane hydrate) or hydrogen digi tv satelit sulfide (H 2 S). Seawater temperature overflow with the same cold ambient seawater temperature, so called Lengshuikeng.
Lengshuikeng mainly found on the edge of the ocean plate, unlike gas oozing black chimney so violent and short, it is a steady and long-term eruption, and therefore its ecosystems, species do not need rapid growth, rapid sexual maturation. Like one of the Satsuma Haori insects (Lamellibrachia luymesi) lifetime is estimated to be 250 years, is one of the oldest known invertebrates.
December 4, 2000 Scientists Atlantis expedition ship, the use of deep-sea submarine in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 15 km west of the deep sea 800 meters, accidentally discovered an approximately 250 square digi tv satelit kilometers of highlands called Atlantis Tis Heights (Atlantis massif), this place is not part of the scope of mid-ocean ridges. On which stands about 30 meters high and 30 to 60 white rock columns, the highest for more than 60 meters, it looks rather like the Greco-Roman era building spectacular Stonehenge, somehow abandoned in the deep sea, they were called "Lost City" (The Lost City), the main pillars of the structure is therefore also known as carbonate chimneys carbonate (carbonate chimneys). Because of the energy ecosystem is releasing water can react with the role of peridotite, and therefore also called peridotite-driven ecosystem (Peridotite-hosted ecosystem).
Scientists found on the surface digi tv satelit of white carbonate chimneys, often attached biofilm layer stack of methane bacteria and addicted methanogens, these microbes exist in the lost city is relying on energy and hydrogen produced by hot springs, methane survive. These high biomass (high biomass) microorganisms, Archaea have also extremophiles bacteria. But the Lost City ecosystem also has low biomass of crustaceans (Crustaceans), gastropods (Gastropods), end-legged digi tv satelit animals (Amphipods) and hairy animal (Polycheates), digi tv satelit height more than less than one centimeter, and transparent or semitransparent present in carbonate chimney wall or chimney wall.
1 found time
2 ~ 400
Over 30,000 years
Dissolved oxygen is mainly provided by the deep cold polar waters, cold polar waters have a lot of dissolved oxygen, but also because of the cold seawater specific gravity and sinking, and then sink to the deep ocean conveyor belt through the (Great Ocean Conveyer) great ocean currents in the deep and shallow circulating oxygen, nutrients to the seas around the world.
Scientists believe that two hundred and fifty million years ago, it is because a large number of undersea methane hydrates dissolve released into the atmosphere as the greenhouse effect of methane is 25 times the capacity of carbon dioxide, resulting in a severe global digi tv satelit warming, polar sea can not sink, marine transport band shut down, resulting in 90 percent of marine life and 80% of terrestrial biological extinction, occurred between the Permian-Triassic formation digi tv satelit and evolution in the history of the worst mass extinction (mass extinction). Today worsening digi tv satelit global warming, the poles sinking into deep diminishing oxygen, we often noticed only polar bear on the ice after 50 years may be extinct messages, but please think about it, if that day because of the polar ocean conveyor belt reduced amount of oxygen shut down again, then the invisible creatures in the deep sea, will be faced with such a big catastrophe!
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

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